Describe arab and european influences on the language and religion of africans south of the sahara? i need this asap

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.

he resisted soviet oppression by soviet