According to alexis de tocqueville, which form of government was already the "enduring and normal state" of the land in the united states in the 1830s

Democracy--Tocqueville traveled to the US from France and observed the democratic nature of the country. 

Tocqueville was surprised by the voice ordinary citizens had in America. The lowest of society could vote (if male) and had access to basic education and jobs. 

The  pan-african movement  was an "emotional, cultural, psychological and ideological  movement  that began among the  african  dispora in the western hemisphere, for a closer  purpose, so that  african  people could feel secure, attain political, economic as well as psychological power visa vis other races or world regions" .