How was transportation in the 19th century linked to the concept of manifest destiny? - transportation improvements such as canals enabled crops to be traded between states more readily, which strengthened ties between north and south. transportation improvements such as canals led to more exports of perishable goods, which resulted in extending u. s. influence to canada, asia, and south america. transportation improvements such as refrigerated cars allowed for crops to be shipped without spoilage, which fed the forty-niners during the gold rush. transportation improvements such as the railroad led to lower prices and easier shipping, which allowed people to expand to the west coast more easily.

1. international: struggle for hegemony and empire outstrips the fiscal resources of the state

2. political conflict: conflict between the monarchy and the nobility over the “reform” of the tax system led to paralysis and bankruptcy.

3. the enlightenment: impulse for reform intensifies political conflicts; reinforces traditional aristocratic constitutionalism, one variant of which was laid out in montequieu’s spirit of the laws; introduces new notions of good government, the most radical being popular sovereignty, as in rousseau’s social contract [1762]; the attack on the regime and privileged class by the literary underground of “grub street; ” the broadening influence of public opinion.

4. social antagonisms between two rising groups: the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie

5. ineffective ruler: louis xvi

6. economic hardship, especially the agrarian crisis of 1788-89 generates popular discontent and disorders caused by food shortages.

yup! you are correct it is b.