Question 1.1. was a leader of the nonaligned movement during the cold war

India can be said to be a leader of the non-aligned movement during the Cold War.

The Movement was established by the leaders of India, Egypt, Indonesia, Ghana and Yugoslavia; it was established in Yugoslavia, in Belgrade in 1961. Among the 5 nations, India was the leader.

The  pan-african movement  was an "emotional, cultural, psychological and ideological  movement  that began among the  african  dispora in the western hemisphere, for a closer  purpose, so that  african  people could feel secure, attain political, economic as well as psychological power visa vis other races or world regions" .