Explanation of the irony- the opposite of what might be expected- in gyorgy ligeti 's characterization of west berlin

The irony lays in the fact that West Berlin, though walled-in, was a place of freedom.

Explanation:

Since many East Germans were flying to West Germany by first getting to West Berlin, a 13 feet high and 100 miles long wall was built around that side of the city. György Ligeti, a Hungarian composer, described the walled-in West Berlin as “a surrealist cage in which those inside are free.”

norsemen from northern countries had made earlier journeys

c is the correct answer for this question.