How are all courts, except the us supreme court, established? a. by the constitution b. by congress c. by presidential executive order d. by the states

All courts, except the US Supreme Court, established by the states.

Explanation:

The Judiciary Act of 1789, authoritatively titled An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States, was marked into law by President George Washington on September 24, 1789.  

The ability to translate the law of the United States will be held by the U.S. Preeminent Court, and the lower government courts. Second rate courts will be made by Congress from every now and then.  

State courts are set up by each state, and these fluctuate from state to state. Every one of these courts, government, and state have explicit locales and work simultaneously, and now and then, the administrative and state courts have shared purview (simultaneous).