Who or which entity initiates criminal proceedings?

a. the state
b. the judge
c. a witness
d. the defendant

Ageneral requirement for informed consent is that no informed consent may include any exculpatory language. exculpatory language is that which waives or appears to waive any of the subject’s legal rights or releases or appears to release those conducting the research from liability for negligence. which of the following statements in a consent form is an example of exculpatory language? a. your participation in this research is voluntary. if you choose not to participate, or change your mind later, your decision will not affect your relationship with the researcher or your right to other services that you may be eligible for. b. taking part in the research is voluntary, but if you choose to take part, you waive the right to legal redress for any research-related injuries. c. the researcher may stop you from taking part in this research without your consent if you experience side effects that make your emotional condition worse. if you become too emotionally distressed during the research, you may have to drop out. d. in the event of any distress you may have related to this research, you will be given access to appropriate resources.