“Classical theory” is one of the earliest criminological theories, and argues that people choose to commit a crime out of their “free will.” Later criminological theories suggest that environmental factors also influence criminal behavior. Think about the implications of this shift. Discuss how we can punish offenders if external factors, which are beyond an individual’s control, are responsible for the crimes committed. If “free will” is not a valid causal factor, how should our society respond to crime?

Adefendant charged with driving while intoxicated pleaded not guilty and insisted on a trial. right before the trial began, he fired his attorney and decided to defend himself. at one point during opening arguments, the defendant began to act like a cat, meowing and chasing an imaginary squirrel out of the courtroom. if no one else raises the issue of the defendant's competency to stand trial, what is the responsibility of the trial judge here? a) the trial judge has no responsibility, because the defendant decided to defend himself. b) the trial judge has no responsibility, because she cannot decide whether the defendant is competent to stand trial. c) the trial judge must raise the issue of competency, because the defendant is representinghimself.d) the trial judge must raise the issue of competency, because the constitution obligates her to do.