Ashley, bob, carol, and doug are rescued from a desert island by a pirate who forces them to play a game. each of the four, in alphabetical order by first name, is forced to roll two dice. if the total on the two dice is either 8 or 9, the person rolling the dice is forced to walk the plank. the players go in order until one player loses: a, b, c, d, a, b, what is the probability that doug survives?