Different species can interact in interesting ways. one type of grass produces the toxin ergovaline at levels about 1.0 part per million in order to keep grazing animals away. however, a recent study27 has found that the saliva from a moose counteracts these toxins and makes the grass more appetizing (for the moose). scientists estimate that, after treatment with moose drool, mean level of the toxin ergovaline (in ppm) on the grass is 0.183. the standard error for this estimate is 0.016