The incidence of breast cancer varies depending on a woman's age. the national cancer institute gives the following probabilities for a randomly chosen woman in her 40s who takes a mammography to screen for breast cancer:

what percent of women in their 40s taking a screening mammography receive a positive test result?

a. 97%
b. 13.96%
c. 11.68%
d. 2.28%

if a randomly chosen woman in her 40s taking the mammography screening test gets a positive test result, the probability that she indeed has breast cancer is the positive predicted value, ppv = p(cancer | positive test). the ppv for this age group is

a. 0.8368.
b. 0.1632.
c. 0.85.
d. 0.0268.