Stan and marcus, close friends, grew up in the same neighborhood. both were exposed to chronic poverty, gang violence, and family dysfunction. by the time they were in high school, stan was flunking most of his classes, had a child, and had been arrested numerous times for drug-related crimes and theft. marcus, on the other hand, was a good student, played football, and had aspirations to attend college. these diverse developmental trajectories, despite similar environmental influences, illustrate the concept of:

5050

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step-by-step explanation:

-12 > a

step-by-step explanation:

-11 > 1 + a

subtract 1 from each side

-11 -1> 1 -1+ a

-12 > a

85.560%

step-by-step explanation:

conditional probability is defined as:

p(a|b) = p(a∩b) / p(b)

in other words, the probability that a occurs, given that b has occurred = the probability that both a and b occur / the probability that b occurs.

in this example:

p(turns 64 | turns 44) = p(turns 64 & turns 44) / p(turns 44).

if someone turns 64, they must have already turned 44, so:

p(turns 64 | turns 44) = p(turns 64) / p(turns 44)

on page 42, we see that of the original 100,000, 94944 turn 44, and 81234 turn 64.   therefore:

p(turns 64 | turns 44) = 81234 / 94944

p(turns 64 | turns 44) = 0.85560