Confounds are variables that provide an alternate explanation because they change along with the independent variable. That is, one level of the independent variable is always associated with one level of the confounding variable. In this example, identify a confounding variable:

1.
Dr. Cross has changed a requirement in PSC041. She wants to know if this change improves student learning. She compares the test scores from the first midterm this quarter to the test scores from the first midterm last quarter. It turns out that the students this quarter scored higher on that test. She concludes that the changed requirement facilitates student learning.

SELECT ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:

A. Quarter
B. Instructor
C. course requirements
D. midterm one