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find the magnitude of the trig term  

csc

(

x

)

−

1

by taking the absolute value of the coefficient.

1

find the lower bound of the range.

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y

=

−

2

find the upper bound of the range.

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y

=

0

the range is  

y

≤

−

2

or  

y

≥

0

.

(

−

∞

,

−

2

]

∪

[

0

,

∞

)

{

y

|

y

≤

−

2

,

y

≥

0

}

step-by-step explanation:

the arc length is found by finding the circumference of the full circle (2xpixradius) and then dividing by 4 to find just one quarter of the circle (90 degrees).