Suppose a filling machine is used to fill cartons with a liquid product. The specification that is strictly enforced for the filling machine is 9 ± 1.5 oz. If any carton is produced with weight outside these bounds, it is considered by the supplier to be defective. It is hoped that at least 99% of cartons will meet these specifications. With the conditions μ = 9 and σ = 1, what proportion of cartons from the process are defective? If changes are made to reduce variability, what must σ be reduced to in order to meet specifications with probability 0.99? Assume a normal distribution for the weight.