Determine whether the stated causal connection is valid. If the causal connection appears to be valid, provide an explanation. Test grades are affected by the amount of time and effort spent studying and preparing for the test. Choose the correct answer below a. The causal connection is valid. Students who spend more time and effort studying will be able to memorize more information, so their test grades will be higher.
b. The causal connection is valid. Students who spend more time and effort studying tend to be smarter, so their test grades are higher.
c. The causal connection is valid. When students spend more time and effort studying for a test, their test grades tend to be higher.
d. The causal connection is not valid.

A. The causal connection is valid. Students who spend more time and effort studying will be able to memorize more information, so their test grades will be higher.

Step-by-step Explanation:

The causal connection between the test grades of students and the amount of time and effort spent the students spend in studying and preparing for the test appears to be valid. This is valid because students who spend more time and effort studying would most likely be able to memorize more information of which they are most likely to come by in the test they take. Invariably, they'd be able to easily recall what they've memorize and give the right answers to the questions they are asked in the test, and this definitely will earn them higher test grades.

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