The image compares the arrangement of electrons in two different neutral atoms. A shaded sphere is shown at the center of three concentric circles. The innermost circle has two black spheres. The middle circle has eight black spheres. The outermost circle has six black spheres. To the right of this figure labeled Atom D is another figure labeled Atom E. Atom E has a shaded sphere at the center of three concentric circles. The innermost circle has two black spheres. The second circle has eight black spheres. The outermost circle has five black spheres.

Which of the following best explains the position of the two atoms in the periodic table? (4 points)

a
Both atoms have Zeff of 8; therefore, Atom D is to the right of Atom E.

b
Both atoms have Zeff of 2; therefore, Atom D is below Atom E in the same column.

c
Atom D has a Zeff of 6 and is therefore to the right of Atom E, which has a Zeff of 5.

d
Atom D has a Zeff of 14 and is therefore above Atom E in the same column, which has a Zeff of 13.