A track and field coach wants to analyze the effect of sports drinks on the performance of his athletes. He decides to test three brands: Powerade, Gatorade and Vitaminwater. He will have each of the athletes complete a 400 meter run and record their times. Which of the following represents a confounding variable? a. He decides to give all male athletes Gatorade and the female athletes eitherPowerade or Vitaminwater.
b. Yes ­ gender would be confounded with sports drink since we cannotdistinguish their effects from each other.
c. He allows each athlete to choose their favorite drink from a cooler.
d. He has some of the athletes drink the sports drink two hours beforerunning, others one hour before running, and the rest 30 minutes beforerunning.
e. He has some of the athletes drink Gatorade two hours before running, othersdrink Powerade one hour before running, and the rest Vitaminwater half anhour before running.
e. Yes ­ sports drink would be confounded with timing of the drink, since wecould not distinguish their effects from each other.

A, D,

A.) He decides to give all male athletes Gatorade and the female athletes eitherPowerade or Vitaminwater.

D.) He has some of the athletes drink the sports drink two hours beforerunning,others one hour before running, and the rest 30 minutes beforerunning.

Step-by-step explanation:

Confounding variables could be described as variables which introduces elements that causes unwanted relationship between measured variables in data. Such that observed relationship is actually not as a result of the independent variable.

The confounding variables in the options chosen are gender and timing of the consumption and when the athletes eventually ran.

As for gender, male athletes are expected to put up a better running speed and energy than women and Hence would finish the rate faster based on these fact. Hence, it will be wrong to conclude that Gatorade has Better effect on performance.

As for timing, those who run shortly after taking an energy drink are more likely to be boosted that those who take much later and this the effect may not necessarily be in the type of energy drink consumed.

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