The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published a research study to investigate the effect of a diet rich in whole grains on metabolism. Fifty adults with metabolic syndrome were randomly divided into two groups. Both groups had a diet of reduced calories, but for one of the groups, all of their grains were whole grains (brown rice, whole wheat bread, etc.) and the other group got all their grains from refined grains (white bread, white rice, etc.). Both groups lost weight at the end of 12 weeks, but the refined-grain group lost 11 pounds, and the whole-grain group lost 8 pounds, but the whole-grain group lost more body fat from their abdomens and had other health benefits. What are the response variables