An article in the student newspaper of a large university had the headline "A's swapped for evaluations?" The article included the following.
According to a new study, teachers may be more inclined to give higher grades to students, hoping to gain favor with the
university administrators who grant tenure. The study examined the average grade and teaching evaluation in a large
random sample of courses in order to investigate the effects of grade inflation on evaluations. “I am concerned with
student evaluations because instruction has become a popularity contest for some teachers," said Professor Levine, who
recently completed the study.
Results showed that higher grades were associated with better evaluations. Which of the following would be a valid
conclusion to draw from the study?
Teachers of courses in which the mean grade is above average tend to have above-average teaching evaluations.
A teacher can improve his or her teaching evaluations by giving good grades.
Teaching evaluations should be conducted before grades are awarded.
О A good teacher, as measured by teaching evaluations, helps students learn better, resulting in higher grades.
All of the above.