A contract between a manufacturer and a consumer of light bulbs specifies that the mean lifetime of the bulbs must be at least 1000 hours. As part of the quality assurance program, the manufacturer will institute an inspection program for each day's production of 10,000 units. An ordinary testing procedure is difficult since 1000 hours is over 41 days! Since the lifetime of a bulb decreases as the voltage applied increases, a common procedure is to perform an accelerated lifetime test in which the bulbs are lit using 400 volts (compared to the usual 110 volts). At such a voltage, a 1000-hour bulb is expected to last only 3 hours. This is a well-known procedure, and both sides have agreed that the results from the accelerated test will be a valid indicator of lifetime of the bulb. The manufacturer will test the hypotheses H0 : µ = 3 versus Ha: µ < 3 at the α = 0.01 significance level with a simple random sample of 100 bulbs.

a. Describe what a Type I error would be in this context.
b. Describe what a Type II error would be in this context.
c. Which error—Type I or Type II—is likely to do more damage to the manufacturer’s relationship with the consumer? Explain.