Alight source is located over the center of a circular table of diameter 4 feet. (see picture below) find the height h of the light source such that the illumination i at the perimeter of the table is maximum when

where s is the slant, is the angle at which the light strikes the table and k is a constant.

Very nice to have an accompanied image!Illumination is proportional to the intensity of the source, inversely proportional to the distance squared, and to the sine of angle alpha.so that we can writeI(h)=K*sin(alpha)/s^2 (0)where K is a constant proportional to the light source, and a function of other factors.
Also, radius of the table is 4'/2=2', therefore, using Pythagoras theorem,s^2=h^2+2^2 (1), and consequently,sin(alpha)=h/s=h/sqrt(h^2+2^2)(2)
Substitute (1) and (2) in (0), we can writeI(h)=K*(h/sqrt(h^2+4))/(h^2+4)=Kh/(h^2+4)^(3/2)
To get a maximum value of I, we equate the derivative of I (wrt alpha) to 0, orI'(h)=0or, after a few algebraic manipulations, I'(h)=K/(h^2+4)^(3/2)-(3*h^2*K)/(h^2+4)^(5/2)=K*sqrt(h^2+4)(2h^2-4)/(h^2+4)^3We see that I'(h)=0 if 2h^2-4=0, giving h=sqrt(4/2)=sqrt(2) feet above the table.
We know that I(h) is a minimum if h=0 (flat on the table) or h=infinity (very, very far away), so instinctively h=sqrt(2) must be a maximum.Mathematically, we can derive I'(h) to get I"(h) and check that I"(sqrt(2)) is negative (for a maximum).  If you wish, you could go ahead and find that I"(h)=(sqrt(h^2+4)*(6*h^3-36*h))/(h^2+4)^4, and find that the numerator equals -83.1K which is negative (denominator is always positive).
An alternative to showing that it is a maximum is to check the value of I(h) in the vicinity of h=sqrt(2), say I(sqrt(2) +/- 0.01)we findI(sqrt(2)-0.01)=0.0962218KI(sqrt(2))     =0.0962250K   (maximum)I(sqrt(2)+0.01)=0.0962218KIt is not mathematically rigorous, but it is reassuring, without all the tedious work.