Let f(x) = 4^x and g(x) = 4^x+1 -2. Which transformations are needed to transform the graph of f(x) to the graph of g(x)?

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horizontal translation of..
a. 2 units left
b. 2 units right
c. 1 unit left
d. 1 unit right

vertical translation of..
a. 2 units up
b. 2 units down
c. 1 unit up
d. 1 unit down