Why does the vertical line test tell us whether the graph of a relation represents a function?

Which of the following describes the graph of y--4x-36 compared to the parent square root function? stretched by a factor of 2, reflected over the x-axis, and translated 9 units right stretched by a factor of 2, reflected over the x-axis, and translated 9 units left stretched by a factor of 2, reflected over the y-axis, and translated 9 units right stretched by a factor of 2, reflected over the y-axis, and translated 9 units left save and exit next submit