In the United States, there has historically been a strong relationship between smoking and education, with well-educated people less likely to smoke. To examine whether this pattern has changed, a sample of 459 men was selected at random from those who had visited a health center for a routine check-up over the course of the past year. Education is classified into three categories corresponding to the highest level of education achieved, and smoking status is classified into four categories. Education Nonsmoker Former Moderate Heavy Total
High School 56 54 41 36 187
College 37 43 27 32 139
Graduate School 53 28 36 16 133
Total 146 125 104 84 459

1. The proportion of former smokers with a university education is:

a. 0.15
b. 0.34
c. 0.22
d. 0.57

2. The proportion of men with a high school education that are current or former smokers is:

a. 0.12
b. 0.30
c. 0.78
d. 0.70