A 63-year-old gardener makes an appointment with the office for a pain in his right leg for three days. Since working in the garden moving heavy bags over the weekend, he has begun having intermittent but excruciating pain shooting down the posterior aspect of his right leg. On examination, sensory loss to light touch in the right leg posteriorly corresponding to the S1 (sacral 1) dermatome is noted. Which reflex would be expected to be decreased compared to the other side?

Ahealthy 26-year-old woman sustained a significant crush injury to her right upper extremity while on the job at a local construction site. she was brought to the emergency department and subsequently underwent pinning and reconstructive surgery and received perioperative broad-spectrum antibiotics. her blood pressure remained normal throughout her hospital course. on the second hospital day, a medical consultant noted a marked increase in her creatinine, from 0.8 to 1.9 mg/dl. her urine output dropped to 20 ml/h. serum creatine kinase was ordered and reported as 3400 units/l. questions what are the primary causes of this patient’s acute kidney injury? how should her kidney injury be categorized (as prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal)? how should she be treated?