The cars of a roller coaster ride have a speed of 30 km/hr as they pass over the top of the circular track. neglect any friction and calculate their speed v when they reach the horizontal bottom position

The missing figure is attached.

Since the friction is negligible, we can apply the law of conservation of energy. The total mechanical energy at the top and at the bottom must be the same:


At the top, the mechanical energy is sum of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy:
(1)
where m is the mass of the cars,  is the velocity of the cars at the top (30 km/h) and h is the height at the top (18 m).

At the bottom, the mechanical energy is just kinetic energy:
(2)
where  is the velocity of the cars at the bottom of the track. By putting together (1) and (2), we find

from which we can isolate , the velocity of the cars at the bottom of the track:


and since , we find

  concave means having an outline or surface that curves inward like the interior of a circle or sphere. so the mirror curves inward.