In the nucleus of all atoms are sub-atomic particles called protons and neutrons. all protons have a positive charge. since all like-charged particles repel each other, you would logically conclude that protons could not stay in close proximity to each other in an atom's nucleus. how do you explain the fact that protons stay close together in the nucleus?

Protons stay close together in the nucleus because the strong nuclear force.

There are four natural elemental forces: 1) gravity, 2) electromagnetic force, 3) weak nuclear force, and 4) strong nuclear force.

Gravity is an attractive force. It acts at long distance and is proportion to the product of the masses. It is not relevant in the nucleous of an atoms because the masses are tiny.

Electrotmagnetic force may be attractive or repulsive. Indeed, as stated since the protons have all positive charge, this force is repulsive, and you could expect that they the protons cannot stand so close to each other in the nucleous.

Strong nuclear force is the strongest of the four forces in nature and acts only to very short distances. It is the atractive force between the partilces in the atom nuclei. This force overcomes the electromagnetic repulsion between the protons. This force is responsible for keeping the protons and the neutrons together in the nuclei.

you would expect a sound wave to speed up. - b)

-first use of geothermal energy occurred more than 10,000 years ago in north america by american paleo-indians

-the first industrial use of geothermal energy began near pisa, italy in late 18th century

-in 1904, italian scientist piero ginori conti invented the first geothermal electric power plant in which steam was used to generate the power

-with the above experiment, the first geothermal plant in usa started in 1922 with a capacity of 250 kilowatts

-however, in 1946 first ground-source geothermal heat pump installed at commonwealth building in portland, oregon

-during the 1960’s, pacific gas and electric began operation of first large scale geothermal power plant in san francisco, producing 11 megawatts

-in 1973, when oil crisis began many countries began looking for renewable energy sources and by 1980’s geothermal heat pumps (ghp) started gaining popularity in order to reduce heating and cooling costs

-as effect of climate change started showing results, governments of various countries joined hands to fight against it, for which kyoto protocol was signed in japan in 1997, laid out emission targets for rich countries and required that they transfer funds and technology to developing countries, 184 countries have ratified it

hope this