Mary and alice were collecting the data for the class. both girls were wearing white t-shirts. billy came out to them; he was wearing a dark navy t-shirt. "boy, it is really hot out here," exclaimed billy. the girls said they were not hot at all. using the student experiment and the collected data, elaborate on the reason for the students' comments. a) white t-shirts reflect sunlight. black t-shirts do not. b) white t-shirts did not absorb as much sunlight as dark t-shirts. c) dark t-shirts are heavier than white t-shirts so billy felt hotter than the girls. d) the girls had been outside in the sun for an hour and the heat did not bother them.

Apoint charge +q is at the origin. a spherical gaussian surface centered at the origin encloses +q. so does a cubical surface centered at the origin and with edges parallel to the axes. select "true" or "false" for each statement below. the electric flux through the spherical surface is greater than that through the cubical surface. suppose (for this statement only), that q is moved from the origin but is still within both the surfaces. the flux through both surfaces remains unchanged. the area vector and the e-field vector point in the same direction for all points on the spherical surface. the e-field at all points on the spherical surface is equal due to spherical symmetry. the flux through the spherical gaussian surface is independent of its radius.