Atom migrates from the latéice point to the crystalline +1 sur-fac e, a gap is created in the lattice, this is called 9 schottky defect. let u consider the crustal which is the defects pua swao n to ui0d buaay nth) where n occur let ha eneray of tha atoms at the mesh point be 0, crystal for in the vo lume of suppase that e energy is transferred to the each defect ond that thare is n chage the crustal due to the atms migra ting to the sucface wrrke down the number of cegenerative states in the micracanonical ensemble. ii)wrrte the dis tribution function in the canonical ensemble ni) find the number of defects jn the lattice as a pnction of temperoture nct)

-first use of geothermal energy occurred more than 10,000 years ago in north america by american paleo-indians

-the first industrial use of geothermal energy began near pisa, italy in late 18th century

-in 1904, italian scientist piero ginori conti invented the first geothermal electric power plant in which steam was used to generate the power

-with the above experiment, the first geothermal plant in usa started in 1922 with a capacity of 250 kilowatts

-however, in 1946 first ground-source geothermal heat pump installed at commonwealth building in portland, oregon

-during the 1960’s, pacific gas and electric began operation of first large scale geothermal power plant in san francisco, producing 11 megawatts

-in 1973, when oil crisis began many countries began looking for renewable energy sources and by 1980’s geothermal heat pumps (ghp) started gaining popularity in order to reduce heating and cooling costs

-as effect of climate change started showing results, governments of various countries joined hands to fight against it, for which kyoto protocol was signed in japan in 1997, laid out emission targets for rich countries and required that they transfer funds and technology to developing countries, 184 countries have ratified it

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