Asolar model is used to calculate the expected temperature and density at all depths within the sun. these results are then used to calculate the expected fusion rate within the sun. we have confidence that the model is correct because it agrees with the observed characteristics of the sun. which of the following observations can be used to check that we really do know the sun’s internal fusion rate?
select all that apply.
a. measurements of the varying number of sunspots on the sun over time
b. measurements of the sun’s total energy output into space
c. observations of neutrinos coming from the sun
d. observations of the total x-ray emission from the sun’s corona
e. measurement of the sun’s mass

Chapter 23, problem 075 the figure shows a geiger counter, a device used to detect ionizing radiation (radiation that causes ionization of atoms). the counter consists of a thin, positively charged central wire surrounded by a concentric, circular, conducting cylindrical shell with an equal negative charge. thus, a strong radial electric field is set up inside the shell. the shell contains a low-pressure inert gas. a particle of radiation entering the device through the shell wall ionizes a few of the gas atoms. the resulting free electrons (e) are drawn to the positive wire. however, the electric field is so intense that, between collisions with gas atoms, the free electrons gain energy sufficient to ionize these atoms also. more free electrons are thereby created, and the process is repeated until the electrons reach the wire. the resulting "avalanche" of electrons is collected by the wire, generating a signal that is used to record the passage of the original particle of radiation. suppose the radius of the central wire is 24 âµm, the inner radius of the shell 2.3 cm, and the length of the shell 14 cm. if the electric field at the shell's inner wall is 2.8 ă— 104 n/c, what is the total positive charge on the central wire?