Val works as a paleoclimatologist in alaska. while studying ice core samples, she identifies an increase in the isotopic ratio of oxygen 10,000 years ago. from this discovery, she knows that earth’s temperature at that time was . aside from temperature, val can also learn about from the ice cores. val’s data suggests that she’s uncovered a glacial climate for this time period. during a glacial climate, val knows, there would have been sea level, compared to what she witnesses today.

the order for strong to weak forces such as

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

the fundamental forces are those forces that act between to objects or element to make interactions. there are four types of fundamental forces such as strong and weak nuclear forces (due to protons and electrons), electromagnetic force (due to the motion of electrons) and gravitational force (due to orbital movement of the planet). if these forces are arranged on the basis of their maximum strength then the order is

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

force required to detach it is given by

charges are taken to be fundamental charge

now we have

so above is the minimum distance at which it will detach