The way light bounces off a minerals surface is described by the minerals?

Consider a one meter long horizontal pipe with a constant 100 cm^2 cross sectional area. water flows rightward into the pipe at x = 0 with flow velocity 02m/sec at every point within the pipe intake area. at x=1, the rightward flow rate is 0.192 m/sec. assume the water is a conserved quantity in the pipe, so there must be a leak (a sink) somewhere in the pipe. 1. compute net volumetric flow of the source if the system to be in equilibrium. 2. now assume the pipe in the problem has no leaks. compute the net volumetric rate of change for the system.

What practical value did astronomy offer to ancient civilizations?

Suppose two stars are located in region a of the h-r diagram shown in the figure below. star c appears much dimmer than star y as seen from earth. which star can be inferred to be nearer to earth and how do you know?