Does the first law of thermodynamics imply a directionality in nature?

Study the diagram showing the range of temperature in the earth’s layers. which temperature most likely corresponds to the asthenosphere? 1,613°c 2,521°c 3,628°c 6,217°c

Aproton is projected toward a fixed nucleus of charge +ze with velocity vo. initially the two particles are very far apart. when the proton is a distance r from the nucleus its velocity has decreased to 1/2vo. how far from the nucleus will the proton be when its velocity has dropped to 1/4vo?

What is relative velocity? in which condition is relative velocity known by adding the velocity of the first body and that of the second body