While you are studying for an upcoming physics exam, a lightning storm is brewing outside your window. suddenly, you see a tree across the street struck by lightning. there is a loud sound and you see smoke rising from various parts of the tree. you stop studying for your exam and do online research on lightning, trees, and sap. you find that a typical lightning bolt represents a potential difference of 1.00 ✕ 108 v between the cloud and the ground and that it can transfer a typical charge of 50.0 c between the cloud and the ground. some models show that when a tree is hit by lightning, perhaps 2.00% of the energy in the lightning bolt can be delivered to the sap, causing it to boil. model the sap as water initially at 30.0°c. if all of the sap in the tree is vaporized to gaseous sap at 100°c, determine how much sap (in kg) there is in the tree. (use any necessary values found in this table or this table.)

bacteria that live on the ocean floor are sustained by phytoplankton. phytoplankton, microscopic marine photosynthetic organisms, have a vastly significant role to play not only in the marine food web of which they’re part of, but also on a more global scale. despite their infinitely small size in comparison to other marine organisms, these tiny creatures occupy an immensely important ecological niche: they are the foundation of the marine food web, and as primary producers, play key roles in supporting all other organisms in the marine environment, as well as in the regulation of the earth’s climate through the sequestration of carbon, oxygen production, and other related processes. phytoplankton account for roughly half of all global primary productivity; therefore, their significance extends far beyond the marine environment alone. there is an intriguing sense of irony in the realization that these tiny living beings that often live out their existence unnoticed and undetected by the rest of the world, have such a far-reaching impact on the lives of virtually all other living organisms on the planet, particularly on those in the marine environment. the world that we have become accustomed to has been and is continuously shaped by the workings of these miniscule yet vital “plants of the sea”.

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the aurora is formed when charged particles emitted from the sun during a solar flare penetrate the earth's magnetic shield and collide with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere. these collisions result in countless little bursts of light, called photons, which make up the aurora.

auroras are generated by charged solar particles hitting molecules in earth's atmosphere. this usually happens in high latitudes, because our planet’s magnetic field tends to funnel these particles toward the poles. that’s why it can be experienced in northern ohio.