Our two intrepid relacar drivers are named pam and ned. we use these names to make it easy to remember: measurements made by pam are primed (x', t') and those made by ned are not primed (x, t). v is the velocity of pam (the other frame of reference) as measured by ned. what is the interpretation of v'?

This is a problem based on the logic and interpretation of the variables. From the measured data taken

what is collected by the two individuals is expressed as,

- NED reference system: (x, t)

- PAM reference system: (x ', t')

From the reference system we know that ν is the speed of PAM (the other reference system) as a measurement by NED.

Then ν' is the speed of NED (from the other system of the reference) as a measurement by PAM.

we need to know the time interval during which the force acts. impulse of force = momentum change

electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia