Light emitting diode (leds) light bulbs have become required in recent years, but do they make financial sense? suppose a typical 60-watt incandescent light bulb costs $.39 and lasts for 1,000 hours. a 15-watt led, which provides the same light, costs $3.10 and lasts for 12,000 hours. a kilowatt hour of electricity costs $.115. a kilowatt-hour is 1,000 watts for 1 hour. however, electricity costs actually vary quite a bit depending on location and user type. an industrial user in west virginia might pay $.04 per kilowatt-hour whereas a residential user in hawaii might pay $.25. you require a return of 11 percent and use a light fixture 500 hours per year. what is the break-even cost per kilowatt-hour?

The break even cost is $0.0063825

Explanation:

Break-even cost is the amount of money, or change in value, which equates to the amount at which an asset must be sold to equal the cost of acquiring it. For easier understanding it can be thought the amount of money for which a product or service must be sold to cover the costs of manufacturing or providing it.

Wattage = W

Cost per kilo watt hour = C

Number of hours per year = H

Price per bulb/CFL = P

Discount rate = 11%

Life of bulb = 2 years

Price of bulb = $0.39

Wattage consumption of bulb per hours = 60

Life of CFL = 24 years

Price of CFL = $3.10

Wattage consumption of CFL per hour = 15

Calculate the Equated Annual Cost (EAC) of bulb

EAC = {- P - (W/1000 x H x C) x (PVIFA 11%, 2years)}/ (PVIFA 11%, 2years)

PVIFA 11%, 2years = Annuity PV Factor = [1 – {(1 + r)^(-n)}]/r, where r is the rate per period and n is the number per periods

PVIFA 11%, 2 years = [1 – {(1 + 0.11)^(-2)}]/0.11 = 1.712523 (for 2 years)

PVIFA 11%, 24 years = [1 – {(1 + 0.11)^(-24)}]/0.11 = 8.348136 (for 2 years)

Calculate the EAC of bulb

EAC = {- P - (W/1000 x H x C) x (PVIFA 11%, 2 years)}/ (PVIFA 11%, 2 years)

EAC = {- 0.39 - (60/1000 x H x C) x (1.712523)}/ (1.712523)

EAC = {-0.39 – (51.37570 x C)}/ 1.712523, consider this equation 1

Calculate the EAC of CFL

EAC = {- P - (W/1000 x H x C) x (PVIFA 11%, 24 years)}/ (PVIFA 11%, 24 years)

EAC = {- 3.10 - (15/1000 x 500 x C) x (8.348136)}/ (8.348136)

EAC = {-3.10 – (62.61102 x C)}/8.348137, consider this equation 2

Equate 1 and 2 to find the amount of C

{-0.39 – (51.37570 x C)}/ 1.712523 = {-3.10 – (62.61102 x C)}/8.348137

{-0.39 – (51.37570 x C) x 8.348137} = {-3.10 – (62.61102 x C) x 1.712523}

C = $0.0063825

Thus, the break- even cost per kilo – watt is $0.0063825

the skeletons of most mammals reach a certain size and then stop growing. however, many animals, including some mammals, keep growing throughout their lives. kangaroos, for example, just keep growing and growing until they die. also, the longer an animal lives the greater the chance it might catch some deadly disease.