Suppose a vertebra is subjected to a shearing force of 420 n. find the shear deformation in m, taking the vertebra to be a cylinder 2.6 cm high and 3.6 cm in diameter. the shear modulus for bone is 80 • 109 n/m2.

Explanation:

F = Shearing force = 420 N

= Initial length = 2.6 cm

d = Diameter = 3.6 cm

r = Radius  =

E = Young's modulus =

A = Area =

Change in length is given by

The shear deformation of the vertebra is

a lot of it means it can be "burned" for energy and sold at one price. if it is scarce, the price will go up

the order for strong to weak forces such as

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

the fundamental forces are those forces that act between to objects or element to make interactions. there are four types of fundamental forces such as strong and weak nuclear forces (due to protons and electrons), electromagnetic force (due to the motion of electrons) and gravitational force (due to orbital movement of the planet). if these forces are arranged on the basis of their maximum strength then the order is

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force