Asubmarine is stranded on the bottom of the ocean with its hatch 25 m below the surface. in this problem, assume the density of sea water is 1.03 × 103 kg/m3. show answer no attempt calculate the force, in newtons, needed to open the hatch from the inside, given it is circular and 0.25 m in diameter. the air pressure inside the submarine is 1.00 atm.

As part of an industrial process, air as an ideal gas at 10 bar, 400k expands at steady state through a valve to a pressure of 4 bar. the mass flow rate of air is 0.5 kg/s. the air then passes through a heat exchanger where it is cooled to a temperature of 295k with negligible change in pressure. the valve can be modeled as a throttling process, and kinetic and potential energy effects can be neglected. (a) for a control volume enclosing the valve and heat exchanger and enough of the local surroundings that the heat transfer occurs at the ambient temperature of 295 k, determine the rate of entropy production, in kw/k. (b) if the expansion valve were replaced by an adiabatic turbine operating isentropically, what would be the entropy production? compare the results of parts (a) and (b) and discuss.

Unpolarized light whose intensity is 1.19 w/ is incident on a polarizer. (a) what is the intensity of the light leaving the polarizer? (b) if the analyzer is set at an angle of = 41.0∘ with respect to the polarizer, what is the intensity of the light that reaches the photocell?

The volume of a gas is halved during an adiabatic compression that increases the pressure by a factor of 2.5. what is the specific heat ratio? show the math steps .