When consumption or production of a product has a harmful side effect that is borne by people not directly involved in the market exchange for that product, the side effect is called a(n):

An external cost.

Explanation:

An external cost is the cost borne upon by a third party, maybe an individual, firm or community as a result of a market exchange for a product which they are not directly involved in. And this can occur in both production and consumption.

to treat tumors in the body

the earths atmosphere is made up of nitrogen and oxygen. solids can turn into gasses through a process called sublimation. sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.

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