Life cycle models of systems development assume that the scope of the project can be articulated clearly and the schedule and cost can be predicted accurately.

Predictive

Explanation:

 There is a wide variety of life cycles applicable to project management. In this regard, we currently have as a reference two somewhat extreme approaches that mark two very different ways of dealing with projects. The predictive approach and the agile approach.

  A predictive approach involves a great effort in initial planning and re-planning every time changes are accepted in the project. Therefore, this approach is recommended for changing but not highly changing environments. Although this approach is applicable to any type of project, clear examples of application would be the construction of a subway line, a bridge, the development of critical software. That is, projects where correct and detailed planting is key.

answer; (d) spontaneous processes are characterized by the overall conversion of order to disorder;

temp rises, and expansion