The type of radiation that will penetrate farthest into a material is
a. a beta ray.
b. a gamma ray.
c. an x-ray.
d. an alpha ray.
e. they all penetrate material the same distance

Newton's law of universal gravitation states that the force f between two masses, m1 and m2, is given below, where g is a constant and d is the distance between the masses. find an equation that gives an instantaneous rate of change of f with respect to d. (assume m1 and m2 represent moving points.)

An object is 10 cm from the mirror, its height is 1 cm and the focal length is 5 cm. what is the image height? (indicate the object orientation by including the + or - sign with the answer.) hi = cm +1 -1 +10 -10

Alinearly polarized electromagnetic wave has an average intensity of 196 w/m^2. this wave is directed towards two ideal polarizers (in real polarizers, transmission is also effected by reflection and absorption). polarizer a is oriented with its transmission axis at an angle of θ_1=20.8∘ with the incident electric field. polarizer b has its axis at an angle of θ_2=63.0∘ with the incident electric field. what is the average intensity of the wave after it passes through polarizer a? what is the average intensity of the wave after it passes through polarizer b? suppose that the two polarizers a and b are interchanged. what would the average intensity be after passing through both polarizers?