At what minimum speed must a roller coaster be traveling so that passen- gers upside down at the top of the circle (Fig. 5–48) do not fall out? Assume a radius of curvature of 8.6 m.

Explanation:

Let assume that system is conservative. From application of the Principle of Energy Conservation, it is noticed that initial linear kinetic energy must be equal to the gravitational energy at the top of the circle. That is to say:

Where .

an ion is a charged atom or molecule. it is charged because the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule. an atom can acquire a positive charge or a negative charge depending on whether the number of electrons in an atom is greater or less then the number of protons in the atom.