What is total internal reflection

(TIR) is the optical phenomenon in which the surface of the water in a fish-tank, viewed from below the water level, reflects the underwater scene like a mirror, with no loss of brightness (Fig. 1). In general, TIR occurs when waves in one medium reach the boundary with another medium at a sufficiently slanting angle, provided that the second ("external") medium is transparent to the waves and allows them to travel faster than in the first ("internal") medium. TIR occurs not only with electromagnetic waves such as light and microwaves, but also with other types of waves, including sound and water waves. In the case of a narrow train of waves, such as a laser beam (Fig. 2), we tend to describe the reflection in terms of "rays" rather than waves. In a medium whose properties are independent of direction, such as air, water, or glass, each "ray" is perpendicular to the associated wavefronts

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procedural programming, object-oriented programming

explanation

procedural programming is a type of computer programming language that specifies a series of well structured steps and procedures   within its development period of time. it contains a systematic order of statements, functions and commands to complete a computational task or program. it is centered on creating procedures. while object oriented programming is a programming language that is centered on creating objects rather that actions and data rather than logic.. it has four principles which are inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction and encapsulation