Use the dropdown menus to complete the paragraph about how the troposphere is heated.

Electromagnetic waves heat Earth’s surface through . Earth's surface warms the air directly above it through . The warm air then rises, which transfers thermal energy through . This air then cools and sinks, which forms a convection .

An internally reversible refrigerator has a modified coefficient of performance accounting for realistic heat transfer processes of where qin is the refrigerator cooling rate, qout is the heat rejection rate, and is the power input. show that copm can be expressed in terms of the reservoir temperatures tc and th, the cold and hot thermal resistances rt,c and rt,h, and qin, as where rtot rt,c rt,h. also, show that the power input may be expressed as 1.39 a household refrigerator operates with cold- and hot-temperature reservoirs of tc 5 c and th 25 c, respectively. when new, the cold and hot side resistances are rc,n 0.05 k/w and rh,n 0.04 k/w, respectively. over time, dust accumulates on the refrigerator’s condenser coil, which is located behind the refrigerator, increasing the hot side resistance to rh,d 0.1 k/w. it is desired to have a refrigerator cooling rate of qin 750 w. using the results of problem 1.38, determine the modified coefficient of performance and the required power input w under (a) clean and (b) dusty coil conditions. internally reversible refrigerator qout qin w high-temperature reservoir low-temperature reservoir th th,i tc,i tc high-temperature side resistance low-temperature side resistance w qin th tc qinrtot tc qinrtot copm tc qinrtot th tc

Two steel balls, each of mass m, are welded to a light rod of length l and negligible mass and are initially at rest on a smooth horizontal surface. a horizontal force of magnitude f is suddenly applied to the rod as shown. determine (a) the instantaneous acceleration a of the mass center g and (b) the corresponding rate at which the angular velocity of the assembly about g is changing with time.

Are formed where bumps from two surfaces come into contact ?