A laser beam enters a 16.5 cm thick glass window at an angle of 58.0° from the normal. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.47. At what angle from the normal does the beam travel through the glass?

= 35.23°

time taken = 0.9898 ns

Explanation:

Using Snell's law as:

Where,  

 is the angle of incidence  ( 58.0° )

is the angle of refraction  ( ? )

is the refractive index of the refraction medium  (glass, n=1.47)

is the refractive index of the incidence medium (air, n=1)

Hence,

Angle of refraction= sin⁻¹ 0.5769 = 35.23°

The distance it has to travel

d =  = 16.5 cm / cos 35.23° = 20.20cm

Also,

n = c/v.

Speed of light in vacuum = 3×10¹⁰ cm/s

Speed in the medium is:

v = c/n = 3×10¹⁰ cm/s / 1.47

  = 2.0408 × 10¹⁰ cm/s

The time taken is:

t = d/s

  = 20.20 cm / 2.0408×10¹⁰ cm/s

  = 9.898 × 10⁻¹⁰ s

   = 0.9898 × 10⁻⁹ s

Also,

1 ns = 10⁻⁹ s

So, time taken = 0.9898 ns

hotter stars = bluer stars

it is given that trillions of microbes make up to 1% to 3% of the body mass.

let's take average of this percentage: 2%

consider the average mass of the human body as 70 kg.

then, trillions of microbes would have mass  

therefore, 100 trillion micro-organisms would weigh:

this is an approximate value and could change depending on the mass of the human body and percentage of the microbes present in it.

average mass per microorganism =