If a battleship fires a 50 lb shell with roughly 8 lbs of gunpowder out of a 13 foot long barrel raised at 45°, at what speed will the shell leave the barrel, and how far will said shell go before hitting the water?

Athermometer to measure the temperature of course 

Sounds propagates through some kind of medium. usually it's air, but it goes just as well through solid objects like walls, windows etc. a soundwave will compress the (air)molecules in front of it, and if this increased density wave hits your ears, you register it as sound. solid objects like walls are a lot denser than air, this means that they will damp a wave, but also carry it easier.

Gravity, from the center of mass of the box, extending downward normal force, from the floor under the box, extending upward, equal to gravity push force, acting at a point on the box, extending in the direction of motion friction, acting at any point on the box directly opposite the push, extending directly opposite to the motion