Lightning occurs when there is a flow of electric charge (principally electrons) between the ground and a thundercloud. The maximum rate of charge flow in a lightning bolt is about 20,000C/s; this lasts for 100μs or less.
1. How much charge flows between the ground and the cloud in this time? (Q= ? C)
2. How many electrons flow during this time? (n_e = ? )

that tool is called an altimeter which measures your altitude which can be used to tell which atmosphere you are currently in, including the stratosphere.

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the order for strong to weak forces such as

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

the fundamental forces are those forces that act between to objects or element to make interactions. there are four types of fundamental forces such as strong and weak nuclear forces (due to protons and electrons), electromagnetic force (due to the motion of electrons) and gravitational force (due to orbital movement of the planet). if these forces are arranged on the basis of their maximum strength then the order is

strong nuclear force → electromegnetic force → weak nuclear force → gravitational force

part 1: describe the mass and the surface temperature of dwarf stars.

part 2: explain using complete sentences where on the hr diagram you would expect to find a dwarf star based on its physical properties.

part 1: the mass of a dwarf star is very small and the surface temperature of dwarf stars are high and they have the lowest absolute brightness.

part 2: on the hr diagram you would expect to find a dwarf star based on its physical properties at an absolute brightness of -2 to -4

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