3. An 8-in-diameter grinding wheel rotates at a surface speed of 4000 ft/min in a surface grinding job performed on a flat piece of 4340 steel with hardness = 325 BHN. There are 300 active grits/in2 of wheel surface, and the operation is performed dry. Infeed = 0.0015 in per pass, crossfeed = 0.20 in, and the reciprocating speed of the work is 30 ft/min. Determine the (a) length of a chip, (b) volume rate of metal removed, (c) number of chips formed per unit time, and (d) average volume per chip? (e) If the tangential cutting force on the work piece = 23 lb, what is the specific energy calculated for this job?