Calculate the amount of heat needed to raise 1.0 kg of ice at -20 degrees Celsius to steam at 120 degree Celsius

801.1 kJ

Explanation:

The ice increases in temperature from -20 °C to 0 °C and then melts at 0 °C.

The heat required to raise the ice to 0 °C is Q₁ = mc₁Δθ₁ where m =  mass of ice = 1 kg, c₁ = specific heat capacity of ice = 2108 J/kg°C and Δθ₁ = temperature change. Q₁ = 1 kg × 2108 J/kg°C × (0 - (-20))°C = 2108 J/kg°C × 20  °C = 4216 J

The latent heat required to melt the ice is Q₂ = mL₁ where L₁ = specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 336000 J/kg. Q₁ = 1 kg × 336000 J/kg = 336000 J

The heat required to raise the water to 100 °C is Q₃ = mc₂Δθ₂ where m =  mass of ice = 1 kg, c₂ = specific heat capacity of water = 4187 J/kg°C and Δθ₂ = temperature change. Q₃ = 1 kg × 4187 J/kg°C × (100 - 0)°C = 4187 J/kg°C × 100  °C = 418700 J

The latent heat required to convert the water to steam is Q₄ = mL₂ where L = specific latent heat of vapourisation of water = 2260 J/kg. Q₄ = 1 kg × 2260 J/kg = 2260 J

The heat required to raise the steam to 120 °C is Q₅ = mc₃Δθ₃ where m =  mass of ice = 1 kg, c₃ = specific heat capacity of steam = 1996 J/kg°C and Δθ₃ = temperature change. Q₃ = 1 kg × 1996 J/kg°C × (120 - 100)°C = 1996 J/kg°C × 20  °C = 39920 J

The total amount of heat Q = Q₁ + Q₂ + Q₃ + Q₄ + Q₅ = 4216 J + 336000 J

+ 418700 J + 2260 J + 39920 J = 801096 J ≅ 801.1 kJ

measuring things 1 litre of water

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